Cases from Supreme Court of Appeal of South Africa

Every reported judgment from Supreme Court of Appeal of South Africa indexed on CaseNotes. 3,540 cases — page 8 of 18.

  1. Kwanape v The State(422/12) [2012] ZASCA 168 (26 November 2012)
  2. Kwa Sani Municipality v Underberg/Himeville Community Watch Association(180/2014) [2015] ZASCA 24 (20 March 2015)
  3. KwaZulu CMS Monitoring Systems (Pty) Ltd v KwaZulu-Natal Gambling Board(470/06) [2007] ZASCA 131
  4. KwaZulu-Natal Bookmakers' Society and Another v Phumelela Gaming and Leisure Ltd and Others(889/2018) [2019] ZASCA 116 (19 September 2019)
  5. Kwikspace Modular Buildings Limited v Sabodala Mining Company SARL and Nedbank Limited(173/09) [2010] ZASCA 15 (18 March 2010)
  6. Kwinda v The State(076/14) [2014] ZASCA 136 (25 September 2014)
  7. Lachman v The State(432/09) [2010] ZASCA 14 (15 March 2010)
  8. Lagoonbay Lifestyle Estate (Pty) Ltd v The Minister for Local Government, Environmental Affairs and Development Planning of the Western Cape & others(320/12) [2013] ZASCA 13 (15 March 2013)
  9. LA Group (Pty) Ltd v Stable Brands (Pty) Ltd and Another(650/2020) [2021] ZASCA 161 (25 November 2022)
  10. LA Group (Pty) Ltd v Stable Brands (Pty) Ltd and Another(Case no 650/2020) [2022] ZASCA 20 (22 February 2022)
  11. LA Health Medical Scheme v Johannes Petrus Louw Horn and Others(385/13) [2014] ZASCA 72
  12. La Lucia Sands Share Block Limited v Barkhan(37/10) [2010] ZASCA 132
  13. La Lucia Sands Share Block Ltd v Flexi Holiday Club(171/11) [2012] ZASCA 53
  14. Lamprecht v Klipeiland (Pty) Limited(753/2013) [2014] ZASCA 125
  15. Lancelot Stellenbosch Mountain Retreat (Pty) Ltd v Gore NO and Others(108/2014) [2015] ZASCA 37
  16. Lancino Financial Investment (Pty) Ltd v F J Bennet(358/07) [2008] ZASCA 74 (30 May 2008)
  17. Land and Agricultural Bank of South Africa v J H Janse van Rensburg NO and M A Dlavane NOCase no: 297/2003
  18. Land and Agricultural Bank of South Africa v J L Parker and OthersCase no: 186/2003
  19. Land and Agricultural Bank of South Africa v The Minister of Rural Development and Land Reform and Others(1174/2021) [2022] ZASCA 133 (13 October 2022)
  20. Land & Landbouontwikkelingsbank van Suid-Afrika v Pierre ConradieCase number: 452/03 (SCA)
  21. Langa v The State(640/16) [2017] ZASCA 2 (23 February 2017)
  22. Lappeman Diamond Cutting Works (Pty) Ltd v MIB Group (Pty) Ltd and AnotherCase No: 312/2002, Supreme Court of Appeal, heard 19 August 2003, delivered 29 September 2003
  23. Larina Venter obo Arnold Klaasen v Road Accident Fund(660/2006) [2007] ZASCA 158
  24. Lategan and Another v The Director of Public Prosecutions, Western Cape and Another(314/2022) [2024] ZASCA 74 (10 May 2024)
  25. Laurie John Fraser v The StateCase number 258/04
  26. Laurie Noël Bannatyne v Nadena BannatyneCase No: 177/2001
  27. Law Society of the Cape of Good Hope v BudricksCase no: 141/2001
  28. Law Society of the Northern Provinces v Kyle[2016] ZASCA 120
  29. Law Society of the Northern Provinces v Louw De Witt Le Roux(185/2015) [2015] ZASCA 168
  30. Law Society of the Northern Provinces v Mogami and Others(588/08) [2009] ZASCA 107 (22 September 2009)
  31. Law Society of the Northern Provinces v Viljoen; Law Society of the Northern Provinces v Dykes(094/2010) [2010] ZASCA 176
  32. Lazarus Mbethe v United Manganese of Kalahari (Pty) Ltd(503/2016) [2017] ZASCA 67 (30 May 2017)
  33. Lead HV (Pty) Ltd and Another v HV Test (Pty) Ltd(1192/2022) [2024] ZASCA 36 (2 April 2024)
  34. Leadtrain Assessments (Pty) Ltd v Leadtrain (Pty) Ltd(427/2012) [2013] ZASCA 33 (28 March 2013)
  35. Lebashe Financial Services (Pty) Ltd v The Prudential Authority and Others(346/2021) [2022] ZASCA 141 (24 October 2022)
  36. Lebogang Peter Mashilo v The State(1129/2019) [2022] ZASCA 81 (2 June 2022)
  37. Lebogang Phillips v The State2016] ZASCA 187; Case No: 370/2016
  38. Lebowa Platinum Mines Ltd v Viljoen(733/2007) [2008] ZASCA 163 (01 December 2008)
  39. Ledwaba v The State(605/2018) [2018] ZASCA 64
  40. Leeroy Benson v The State(300/13) [2014] ZASCA 26 (28 March 2014)
  41. Leeuw v First National Bank(516/2008) [2009] ZASCA 161 (30 November 2009)
  42. Lefu Jantjie Bakane v The State(1180/2016) [2017] ZASCA 182 (5 December 2017)
  43. Legal Aid Board in re Four Children(512/10) [2011] ZASCA 39 (29 March 2011)
  44. Legal-Aid South Africa v Mzoxolo Magidiwana(1055/13) [2014] ZASCA 141 (26 September 2014)
  45. Legal Practice Council v Bulelani Rubushe(1004/2022) [2023] ZASCA 167 (1 December 2023)
  46. Legal Practitioners' Fidelity Fund v Guilherme(702/2022) [2023] ZASCA 96 (13 June 2023)
  47. Legator McKenna Inc v Shea(143/08) [2008] ZASCA 144 (27 November 2008)
  48. Legh v Nungu Trading 353 (Pty) Ltd(3/07) [2007] ZASCA 122
  49. Legoa, Michael v The StateCase no: 33/2002
  50. Le Hanie and Others v Glasson and Others(214/2021) [2022] ZASCA 59 (22 April 2022)
  51. Lekup Prop Co No 4 (Pty) Ltd v Wright(286/11) [2012] ZASCA 67 (23 May 2012)
  52. Lenette Janse De Wit & Others v Toerien De Wit N O & Others[2026] ZASCA 23 (06 March 2026)
  53. Leo Manufacturing CC v Robor Industrial (Pty) Ltd t/a Robor Stewarts & Lloyds(608/2004) [2006] ZASCA 19
  54. Leon Smith v The State(595/2012) [2013] ZASCA 38 (28 March 2013)
  55. Lepelle Industrial and Mining Supplies CC v Streaks Ahead Investments (Pty) Ltd and Others(429/2019) [2020] ZASCA 133
  56. Lepogo Construction (Pty) Ltd v The Govan Mbeki Municipality(623/2013) [2014] ZASCA 154 (29 September 2014)
  57. Le Roux NO and Others v Botha NO and Others(Case no 427/19) [2020] ZASCA 67 (17 June 2020)
  58. Le Roux v The Honourable Magistrate Mr Viana(494/06) [2007] ZASCA 173
  59. Le Roux v Zietsman and Another(330/2022) [2023] ZASCA 102 (15 June 2023)
  60. Lesiba Simon Kekana v The State(37/2018) [2018] ZASCA 148 (31 October 2018)
  61. Lester v Ndlambe Municipality[2013] ZASCA 95 (22 August 2013); Case No: 514/12
  62. L E Thom (Pty) Limited v Ba-Phalaborwa Municipality(20236/14) [2015] ZASCA 95 (01 June 2015)
  63. Letseng Diamonds Limited v JCI Limited(580/07) [2008] ZASCA 157 (27 November 2008)
  64. Levack, Hamilton Caesar and Others v Regional Magistrate, Wynberg and AnotherCase no: 403/2000 (SCA)
  65. Levin v Levin(644/09) [2011] ZASCA 114 (03 June 2011)
  66. Levi Strauss & Co v Coconut Trouser Manufacturers (Pty) Ltd(274/99) [2001] ZASCA 44 (17 May 2001)
  67. Lewarne v Fochem International (Pty) Ltd(1073/18) [2019] ZASCA 114 (18 September 2019)
  68. Lewis Stores (Pty) Ltd v Summit Financial Partners (Pty) Ltd and Others(314/2020) [2021] ZASCA 91 (25 June 2021)
  69. Lewis Stores (Pty) Ltd v The Minister of Finance and The Commissioner of the South African Revenue ServiceCase no 368/2001
  70. LexisNexis South Africa (Pty) Ltd v The Minister of Justice and Constitutional Development(1018/2024) ZASCA 181 (01 December 2025)
  71. LexisNexis South Africa (Pty) Ltd v The Minister of Justice and Constitutional Development(1018/2024) [2025] ZASCA 181 (01 December 2025)
  72. Leysath v Legal Practitioners' Fidelity Fund Board of Control(770/2021) [2022] ZASCA 115 (28 July 2022)
  73. L F Bezuidenhout NO v EskomCase No: 379/2001, [2002] Supreme Court of Appeal
  74. Liberty Group Limited t/a Liberty Life v K and D Telemarketing(1290/18) [2020] ZASCA 41
  75. Liberty Group Limited v Mall Space Management CC t/a Mall Space Management(644/18) [2019] ZASCA 142 (1 October 2019)
  76. Liberty Group Limited v Mohammed Shaaz Moosa(126/2021) [2023] ZASCA 52 (14 April 2023)
  77. Liberty Group Limited v Warren Patrick Broughton Illman(1334/2018) [2020] ZASCA 38 (16 April 2020)
  78. Liberty Investors Limited (In Members' Voluntary Liquidation) v The Commissioner for the South African Revenue ServiceCase No 353/04
  79. Liberty Life Association of Africa Limited v P J de Waal NO and J G Roux NOSaaknommer 422/97 (SCA)
  80. Lichtenstein v S(1094/2015) [2016] ZASCA 132 (29 September 2016)
  81. L I Ganes and Another v Telecom Namibia LimitedCase No: 608/2002 (SCA)
  82. Limpopo Provincial Council of the South African Legal Practice Council v Chueu Incorporated Attorneys and Others(459/22) [2023] ZASCA 112 (26 July 2023)
  83. Linah Ntombi Madalane obo Clericia Masuku v Izak Daniel Van Wyk(87/15) [2016] ZASCA 25 (18 March 2016)
  84. Lindert Hanekom v Builders Market Klerksdorp (Pty) Ltd(63/05) [2006] ZASCA 2
  85. Lindokuhle Percy Shongwe v The StateShongwe v The State (Case no 991/2019) [2024] ZASCA 127 (26 September 2024)
  86. Lindsey and Others v Conteh(774/2022) [2024] ZASCA 13
  87. Linvestment CC v Hammersley(634/06) [2008] ZASCA 1 (28 February 2008)
  88. Livanje v The State(378/2018) [2019] ZASCA 126 (27 September 2019)
  89. Lizelle Schreuder N O v Minister of Police and OthersLizelle Schreuder N O v Minister of Police and Others (047/2024) [2026] ZASCA 52 (14 April 2026)
  90. L Kotzé v Suidwestelike Transvaalse LandboukoöperasieCase number: 312/03
  91. Llale v S(663/2016) [2017] ZASCA 049
  92. Lloyds of London Underwriting Syndicates 969, 48, 1183 and 2183 v Skilya Property Investments (Pty) LtdCase No 316/2002 (SCA); also reported as Skilya Property Investments (Pty) Ltd v Lloyds of London Underwriting Syndicate Nos 960, 48, 1183 and 2183, 2002 (3) SA 765(T) (High Court)
  93. L Mzalisi NO & others v Emmanuel Paulking Oche Ochogwu & another(630/2018) [2019] ZASCA 138 (01 October 2019)
  94. L N Sackstein NO (in his capacity as liquidator of Tsumeb Corporation Limited (in liquidation)) v Proudfoot SA (Pty) LimitedCase Number: 119/02
  95. Loch Logan Waterfront (Pty) Limited and The Trustees of the N Georgiou Trust v Bentel Associates International (Pty) Limited(147/2015) [2017] ZASCA 135 (29 September 2017)
  96. Lodhi 2 Properties Investments CC v Bondev Developments (Pty) Ltd(128/06) [2007] ZASCA 85
  97. Lodhi 5 Properties Investments CC and Others v Firstrand Bank Limited(170/2014) [2015] ZASCA 72 (22 May 2015)
  98. Logbro Properties CC v S A Bedderson, NO and OthersCase no: 372/2001
  99. Loggenberg N O & others v Maree(286/2017) [2018] ZASCA 24 (23 March 2018)
  100. Logik Group Africa (Pty) Ltd t/a Fire Logik v Fire Logic (Pty) Ltd[2025] ZASCA 164 (28 October 2025)
  101. Lombaard v Droprop CC(377/09) [2010] ZASCA 86
  102. Lombard Insurance Company Limited v City of Cape Town(441/06) [2007] ZASCA 112
  103. Lombard Insurance Company Limited v Landmark Holdings (Pty) Ltd and Others(343/08) [2009] ZASCA 71 (1 June 2009)
  104. Lomon Marè and Others v Trudie Marè(343/2019) [2020] ZASCA 43 (21 April 2020)
  105. London Clubs International (Overseas) Investments (Pty) Ltd v The Free State Gambling and Racing BoardCase No: 525/2003, Reportable
  106. Long & another v Jacobs(145/11) [2012] ZASCA 58 (2 April 2012)
  107. Long Beach Home Owners Association v Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (South Africa) & another(865/2016) [2017] ZASCA 122 (22 September 2017)
  108. Lonwabo Hlakanyane v Ziyanda Hlakanyane(775/2020) [2021] ZASCA 130 (30 September 2021)
  109. Lopes and Another v Executive Mayor of the Knysna Local Municipality & Others(345/2024) [2025] ZASCA 157 (20 October 2025)
  110. Lorenzi v The State(1171/2023) [2025] ZASCA 58 (13 May 2025)
  111. Loriza Brahman and Kobus Naudé v Casper DippenaarSaaknommer 211/2000 (SCA)
  112. Loskop Landgoed Boerdery (Pty) Ltd and Others v Petrus Moeleso and Others[2022] ZASCA 53 (12 April 2022)
  113. Lottostar (Pty) Ltd and Others v Ithuba Holdings (Pty) Ltd and Others(Case no 624/22 and 630/22) [2023] ZASCA 119 (5 September 2023)
  114. Louisa Du Plessis v Mariana Pienaar NO and OthersCase No: 514/2001 (SCA)
  115. Louis N O and Others v Fenwick N O and Others(598/2021) [2023] ZASCA 59 (28 April 2023)
  116. Louistef (Pty) Ltd v Snyders NO as Trustee of Louis Snyders Familie Trust(1060/2015) [2016] ZASCA 182
  117. Louw NO v Swartland Municipality
  118. Louw NO v Swartland Municipality(650/10) [2011] ZASCA 142 (23 September 2011)
  119. Louw & others v Davids & others(783/2017) [2018] ZASCA 70 (29 May 2018)
  120. LSA UK Ltd (formerly Curtainz Ltd) and Others v Impala Platinum Holdings Ltd and OthersCase No: 222/98
  121. Lubando v The State(347/2015) [2016] ZASCA 4 (1 March 2016)
  122. Lubbe NO and Others v Millennium Style (Pty) Limited and Others(69/06) [2007] ZASCA 10
  123. Lubisi v The State(230/2015) [2015] ZASCA 179 (27 November 2015)
  124. Luc Arthur France Chretien and Another v Linda Stewart Bell(52/09) [2009] ZASCA 147 (26 November 2009)
  125. Lucas & Another v Umhlathuze Municipality and Another(785/2020) [2021] ZASCA 181 (17 December 2021)
  126. Lucky Arthur Ndlovu v Santam LimitedCase No: 550/2003
  127. Lucky Star Limited v Lucky Brands (Pty) Ltd(164/2015) [2016] ZASCA 77 (27 May 2016)
  128. Lucky Thomas Khumalo v The State(723/2020) [2022] ZASCA 39 (04 April 2022)
  129. Lufuno Mphaphuli & Associates (Pty) Ltd v Andrews(434/06) [2007] ZASCA 143
  130. Lufuno Radzilane v The State(127/15) [2016] ZASCA 64 (16 May 2016)
  131. Lukas Jacobus Jurie Nortje v Die Staat(600/06) [2007] ZASCA 140
  132. Luke M Tembani and Others v President of the Republic of South Africa and Another(167/2021) [2022] ZASCA 70 (20 May 2022)
  133. Lungisa Grifhs v The State(433/2020) [2021] ZASCA 112 (1 September 2021)
  134. Lungisani Brian Botsotso Nxele v The State(271/19) [2020] ZASCA 6 (12 March 2020)
  135. Lupacchini NO and Another v Minister of Safety and Security(16/2010) [2010] ZASCA 108 (17 September 2010)
  136. Luthuli v The State(1049/2013) [2014] ZASCA 164
  137. Lutzkie v Commissioner for the South African Revenue Service[2026] ZASCA 11 (06 February 2026); Case No 1135/2023
  138. Luvuyo Maneli v The State(494/07) [2008] ZASCA 50 (1 April 2008)
  139. Luxolo Fono and Another v Port St Johns Municipality(1271/2022) [2024] ZASCA 161 (22 November 2024)
  140. Luzuko Kerr Hoho v The State(493/05) [2008] ZASCA 98 (17 September 2008)
  141. L von W Bester NO and others v Schmidt Bou Ontwikkelings CC(696/11) [2012] ZASCA 125 (21 September 2012)
  142. L v The Ad Hoc Central Authority for the Republic of South Africa and Others(1143/21) [2021] ZASCA 107 (3 August 2021)
  143. Lykes Lines Limited, LLC v Vereeniging Meat Packers (Pty) Ltd(279/2012) [2013] ZASCA 18 (20 March 2013)
  144. Lyndall Beddy NO v Joan van der Westhuizen1999 (3) SA 913 (SCA)
  145. Lynette Mary Roux v Health Professions Council of South Africa and Oliver Michael Powell(786/2010) [2011] ZASCA 135
  146. Lynette Nonqaba Hlobo v The Multilateral Motor Vehicle Accidents FundCase number: 3/99
  147. Lynn & Main Incorporated v Brits Community Sandworks CC(348/2007) [2008] ZASCA 100
  148. Lynn NO and Another v Coreejes and Another(687/10) [2011] ZASCA 159 (28 September 2011)
  149. Maake v Director of Public Prosecutions(481/09) [2010] ZASCA 51 (31 March 2010)
  150. Maano Water (Pty) Ltd v Eskom Holdings SOC Limited(383/24) [2025] ZASCA 87 (12 June 2025)
  151. Maarten Opperman v The Minister of Defence and Military Veterans(20752/14) [2015] ZASCA 153 (2 October 2015)
  152. Mabaso v National Commissioner of Police & another(1222/2017) [2019] ZASCA 43 (29 March 2019)
  153. Mabaso v The State(677/2020) [2021] ZASCA 98 (09 July 2021)
  154. Mabena v The State(709/22) [2024] ZASCA 89 (7 June 2024)
  155. Mabotwane Security Services CC v Pikitup Soc (Pty) Ltd & others(1027/2018) [2019] ZASCA 164 (29 November 2019)
  156. M Abrahams v Springbok Atlas Company (Pty) Ltd(137/07) [2008] ZASCA 32 (28 March 2008)
  157. Mabunda v The State(765/12) [2013] ZASCA 30
  158. Macassar Land Claims Committee v Maccsand CC(201/2016) [2016] ZASCA 167 (23 November 2016)
  159. Macbeth Attorneys Incorporated v South African Forestry Company Soc Limited and Others(365/2023) [2025] ZASCA 118 (15 August 2025)
  160. Maccsand (Pty) Ltd and Minister of Mineral Resources v City of Cape Town and others[2011] ZASCA 141 (23 September 2011)
  161. MacDonald v Road Accident Fund(453/2011) [2012] ZASCA 69
  162. Machi v The State(256/2020) [2021] ZASCA 106
  163. Macleod v Kweyiya(365/12) [2013] ZASCA 28 (27 March 2013)
  164. Macrae v The State(93/2013) [2014] ZASCA 37 (28 March 2014)
  165. Macru Farming CC v The Standard Bank of South Africa LtdCase No: 64/07 (2008) ZASCA 20 (27 March 2008)
  166. Macsteel Tube and Pipe, a division of Macsteel Service Centres SA (Pty) Ltd v Vowles Properties (Pty) Ltd(680/2020) [2021] ZASCA 178 (17 December 2021)
  167. Madibeng Local Municipality v DDP Valuers (Pty) Ltd and Another(1284/2017) [2020] ZASCA 70 (18 June 2020)
  168. Madleen Albertina Marike Bredenhann v Die Staat(732/07) [2008] ZASCA 145 (27 November 2008)
  169. Madrasah Taleemuddeen Islamic Institute v Chandra Giri Ellaurie and Another(755/2021) [2022] ZASCA 160 (24 November 2022)
  170. Madzhadzhi v President of the RSA(160/2009) [2010] ZASCA 57 (1 April 2010)
  171. Madzivhandila v The Law Society of the Northern Provinces(593/07) [2008] ZASCA 101
  172. Mafemani Collet Vukeya v Shalate Nelly Ntshane and Others(518/2019) [2020] ZASCA 167
  173. Mafilika and Others v Elundini Local Municipality and Another(620/2024) [2025] ZASCA 142 (01 October 2025)
  174. Mafoko Security Patrols (Pty) Ltd and Others v Mjayeli Security (Pty) Ltd and Others(590/2024) [2025] ZASCA 179 (28 November 2025)
  175. Magaliesberg Protection Association v MEC: Department of Agriculture, Conservation, Environment and Rural Development North West Provincial Government and Others(563/12) [2013] ZASCA 80 (30 May 2013)
  176. Magic Eye Trading 77 CC t/a Titanic Trucking v Santam Limited(775/2018) [2019] ZASCA 188 (10 December 2019)
  177. Magistrate M Pangarker v Botha(446/13) [2014] ZASCA 78
  178. Magnum Simplex International (Pty) Ltd v The MEC Provincial Treasury, The Provincial Government of Limpopo(556/17) [2018] ZASCA 78 (31 May 2018)
  179. Magqeya v Member of the Executive Council for Health, Eastern Cape[2018] ZASCA 141 (1 October 2018)
  180. Magubane & another v Twin City Developers (Pty) Ltd & others(981/16) [2017] ZASCA 65 (30 May 2017)
  181. Maguire v Commissioner for the South African Revenue Service(731/07) [2008] ZASCA 156
  182. Magwabeni v Liomba(198/13) [2015] ZASCA 117 (11 September 2015)
  183. Mahinga v Minister of Home Affairs and Another(Case no 1027/2020) [2021] ZASCA 179 (17 December 2021)
  184. Mahlalela v The State(396/16) [2016] ZASCA 181 (28 November 2016)
  185. Mahlangu v The State(497/10) [2011] ZASCA 64 (1 April 2011)
  186. Maize Board v John JacksonCase Number: 396/04 (Supreme Court of Appeal)
  187. Maize Board v Tiger Oats Limited and OthersCase No: 151/2001
  188. Majikazana v The State(559/09) [2010] ZASCA 29 (26 March 2010)
  189. Majomatic 115 (Pty) Limited v Kouga Municipality(303/2009) [2010] ZASCA 17 (18 March 2010)
  190. Majope and Others v The Road Accident Fund(663/2022) [2023] ZASCA 145 (8 November 2023)
  191. Makatu v State(245/05) [2006] ZASCA 70
  192. Makgatho v S(732/12) [2013] ZASCA 34
  193. Makgoba & others v Ledwaba NO & others(054/2018) [2018] ZASCA 181 (04 December 2018)
  194. Makhanya v Minister of Water Affairs & others(796/2017) [2018] ZASCA 172 (30 November 2018)
  195. Makhudu v The StateCase No: 208/01
  196. Makhuva-Mathebula Community v Regional Land Claims Commissioner, Limpopo & another(1106/2018) [2019] ZASCA 157
  197. Makofane William Mohlala v MEC for Transport, Limpopo and Others[2026] ZASCA 55
  198. Makwakwa and Others v Minister of State Security(1316/2022) [2024] ZASCA 41 (5 April 2024)
  199. Malakite Body Corporate and Another v City of Johannesburg Metropolitan Municipality and Another(832/2024) [2025] ZASCA 192 (15 December 2025)
  200. Malala Geophrey Ledwaba v Minister of Justice and Constitutional Development and Others(947/2022) [2024] ZASCA 17 (16 February 2024)