Mrs Maria Johanna Kruger (the deceased), aged 78, suffered two strokes (15 June 2006 and 19 October 2006) and was hospitalised for dehydration and gastroenteritis (19 August 2006). She suffered from hypertension, diabetes, and obesity. Following the first stroke, she showed signs of confusion, incontinence, and cognitive impairment. Medical records from Milpark Hospital and Netcare Rehabilitation facility documented progressive cognitive decline. Her husband committed suicide on 4 August 2006. She was admitted to Panorama frail care facility on 22 August 2006, where she exhibited difficult and uncooperative behaviour. On 22 November 2006, she underwent a Mini Mental Status Examination (MMSE) scoring 20/30, indicating cognitive impairment. On 28 November 2006, she allegedly executed a will at her niece's (the appellant's) home, witnessed by Van der Merwe and Mrs Flemming. The will altered a previous bequest, leaving the Westdene property to the appellant instead of the deceased's son (third respondent). The deceased died on 24 December 2006. The original will could not be found; only a copy was available. The appellant sought a court order declaring the copy a true copy of the deceased's last will and directing the Master to accept it.
The appeal was dismissed with costs, including costs of two counsel. The order of the High Court was altered to read: "The claim is dismissed with costs, such costs to include the costs of two counsel and the qualifying fees of the following expert witnesses: Dr Edeling, Mr Ormond-Brown and Professor Vorster."
Under section 4 of the Wills Act 7 of 1953, a testator must be of sound mind at the time of executing a will. When expert evidence conflicts on the question of testamentary capacity, the court must determine which opinion to accept based on the reasoning and reliability of the expert witnesses, with objectivity being the central prerequisite. A court must be satisfied with the reasoning which led to the conclusion by an expert witness. Where medical records, standardized cognitive testing (such as an MMSE score of 20/30 indicating dementia), contemporaneous observations of cognitive impairment, post-mortem findings, and expert opinion establish progressive vascular dementia and frontal lobe executive dysfunction resulting from cerebrovascular accidents, it is neuropsychologically improbable that a testator could possess sufficient testamentary capacity within days of such diagnosis. Orientation to time and place is only a low-level basic mental function; testamentary capacity requires more advanced and complex mental functions including the ability to understand and appreciate the nature and effect of one's actions. Multi-infarction dementia is an irreversible, permanent, progressive disease that does not spontaneously reverse within a short period.
The court made observations about suspicious circumstances surrounding the execution of the will, including the appellant's calculating behavior in suddenly becoming prominent in the deceased's life during her illness, obtaining power of attorney, and facilitating the will drafting that benefited her substantially. The court noted that the appellant attempted to create a false impression that she bore costs of the deceased's care when the deceased actually paid her own way. The court also observed that the fifth respondent's testimony was tainted by bitterness and bias, reducing his credibility. The court commented that an expert is there to assist the court, not to be partisan toward the party who calls them. The court noted that a court of appeal can test the expert's reasoning and is therefore in the same position as the trial court to determine an expert's credibility. While these observations supported the overall finding, they were not strictly necessary for the decision which turned on the lack of testamentary capacity.
This case provides important guidance on the approach South African courts should take when evaluating testamentary capacity in cases involving cerebrovascular disease and dementia. It clarifies the evidential requirements for establishing lack of testamentary capacity under section 4 of the Wills Act 7 of 1953, particularly: (1) the value and interpretation of standardized cognitive tests like the MMSE in determining testamentary capacity; (2) the court's approach to conflicting expert evidence, emphasizing the importance of objective reasoning based on medical records and findings rather than subjective impressions; (3) that objectivity is the central prerequisite for expert opinions and courts must test the expert's reasoning; (4) that progressive cognitive decline from vascular dementia is unlikely to reverse within a short period; (5) the significance of contemporaneous medical records and post-mortem findings in assessing mental capacity; and (6) that orientation to time and place is only a basic mental function, and more complex cognitive abilities are required for testamentary capacity.
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