CaseNotes LogoCaseNotes
  • Home
  • Library
  • Research
  • Discussion Hub
  • Wiki
  • Latin Dictionary
  • Question Bank
  • Settings
S

Student

Student Account

South African Law • Jurisdictional Corpus
HomeLibraryResearchQuestionsSettings
Judicial Precedent
Ask AI

The State v Nqobile Ncube

CitationHB 162-15; HC (CRB) 78-15
JurisdictionZW
Area of Law
Criminal LawHomicide
Free account

Get the most out of this judgment

Create a free CaseNotes account to save this case, see how it's cited, get an AI summary, and search 10,000+ SA judgments.

Create free accountor sign in
Culpable Homicide
Domestic Violence

Facts of the Case

On 18 December 2014, the accused and the deceased (her husband) had a misunderstanding over the accused's disappearance from their matrimonial home. On 19 December 2014 around 2000 hours, the accused and deceased had a physical confrontation during which harsh words were exchanged. The accused alleged that the deceased threatened to stab her with a knife. In anger, the accused picked up a log and struck the deceased twice on the head before fleeing the scene. On 20 December 2014, the accused phoned the deceased's brother and informed him of the fight. On 21 December 2014, the deceased's brother found the deceased naked and lying in a pool of blood, dead, at his homestead. The post-mortem revealed the cause of death as subarachnoid haemorrhage, depressed skull fracture, and blunt force trauma to the head. The accused was a 29-year-old woman with three minor children from a previous marriage, whose father was deceased.

Legal Issues

  • Whether the accused was guilty of murder or the lesser charge of culpable homicide
  • Whether the accused acted negligently in causing the death of the deceased
  • What constitutes an appropriate sentence for culpable homicide in the context of domestic violence

Judicial Outcome

The accused was acquitted on the charge of murder and found guilty of culpable homicide. She was sentenced to 4 years imprisonment, of which 1 year was suspended for 5 years on condition that the accused does not within that period commit an offence of which violence is an element and for which she is sentenced to imprisonment without the option of a fine. The effective sentence was 3 years imprisonment.

Ratio Decidendi

Where an accused person acts negligently in causing the death of another person during a domestic dispute, even where there was provocation and threats of violence, the appropriate conviction is culpable homicide rather than murder. In determining sentence for culpable homicide arising from domestic violence, while mitigating factors such as provocation, lack of premeditation, and the accused's personal circumstances must be considered, the severity of injuries inflicted, the degree of force used, and the need to send a strong message against domestic violence justify a custodial sentence. The courts have a duty to uphold the sanctity of human life and to emphasize that violence has no place as a means of resolving disputes in a modern society.

Obiter Dicta

The court observed that cases of domestic violence are being dealt with at an alarming rate, with hardly a day passing without an incident of fatal domestic violence being reported. The court emphasized that "the message from the courts should, and must be that violence is not tolerated as a means of resolving disputes. Violence has no place in a modern society and the courts must uphold the sanctity of human life." The court also noted that it will not impose sentences that tend to bring the administration of justice into disrepute or that lead society to lose faith in the justice delivery system, and that sentences must always fit the offender while being appropriate in all circumstances surrounding the commission of the offence.

Legal Significance

This case is significant in Zimbabwean criminal jurisprudence as it addresses the escalating problem of domestic violence and fatal assaults in domestic settings. The judgment reinforces the courts' position that violence is not an acceptable means of resolving disputes, even in the context of domestic confrontations where provocation may be present. The case illustrates the application of sentencing principles in culpable homicide cases arising from domestic violence, balancing mitigating personal circumstances (including threats and provocation) against the need for deterrence and upholding the sanctity of human life. It demonstrates the court's approach to cases where self-defence is raised but exceeded, resulting in a finding of culpable homicide rather than murder.

Cited By 45 Cases

  • Augustus Close Holdings (Pvt) Ltd v The Farmakas Trust and OthersHH 411/25, HCH 5347/24
    Cites

    Cited for the proposition that when a court strikes a matter off the roll, the matter is no longer before the court.

  • Bindura Municipality v Paison Chikeya MugogoJudgment No. SC 32/2015, Civil Application No. SC 484/14
    Applies

    Court applies the principle that when a matter is struck off the roll, the effect is that such a matter is no longer before the Court.

  • Daniel Chimunhu v StateHH393-13, CON 200/13
    Cites

    Cited as comparative sentencing authority where a 71-year-old first offender who cultivated 44 dagga plants of average 2.2m height had sentence reduced on…

  • Davison Mutizwa v The StateHH 419-18, B755/18, Ref Case CRB R97/17
    Cites

    Cited for the principle that appeal grounds must be lucid, clear and specific.

  • Edson Charangwa v The State

Practice This Case

Sign up to practise IRAC analysis, issue spotting, and argument building on this case.

HH 664/15; CA 610/14; CRB 1126/14
Applies

The court applied the principle from this case that a court's judgment in a criminal trial should contain a brief summary of the facts found proved and trial…

  • Fraderick Chimaiwache v The StateJudgment No. SC 18/2013, Civil Application No. SC 255/12
    Cites

    The judgment cites this case for the direction that grounds of appeal must be clear and specific as to what exactly is being attacked in the magistrate's…

  • Fraderick Chimaiwashe v The StateNot provided in judgment (High Court of Zimbabwe, Harare, 30 March 2012)
    Applies

    Court applies this case to illustrate that grounds of appeal must be clearly and specifically set out, and that vague assertions such as 'the learned…

  • Georgina Ndlovu v The StateJudgment No. HB 155/10, Case No. HCA 76/08
    Cites

    Cited as authority for the practice of courts to treat women first offenders more leniently than their male counterparts.

  • GML Explosives (Pvt) Ltd v W. Militala N.O.HH 41-20, HC 10206/19
    Cites

    Cited in Practice Direction 3 of 2013 for the effect of an order that a matter is struck off the roll, meaning the matter is no longer before the court.

  • Godfrey Munyamana and Another v Frank Humbe and AnotherHH 230-22; HC 6952/20
    Cites

    Cited for the proposition that if a court issues an order that a matter is struck off the roll, the effect is that such a matter is no longer before the court.

  • Hosea Marumahoko and Alex Marumahoko v Oscar KurashaHCC 69/25; HCCC 66/25
    Applies

    Court applies this authority for the effect of an order striking a matter off the roll, namely that the matter is no longer before the court.

  • Ignatius Morgen Chiminya Chombo v The StateHH 196-18, B 1527/17
    Cites

    Cited for the principle that a court should not accept mere allegations without inquiry when determining bail applications.

  • Kholwani Donga v The StateHB 128/21; HCB 55/21
    Cites

    Cited by applicant in support of the application for bail.

  • Kingstone Ringisai Makarichi v Agnes MabvunzaHH 207-21, HC 2879/19 (Ref HC 13081/12)
    Follows

    Court follows the principle that when a court issues an order that a matter is struck off the roll, such a matter is no longer before the court.

  • Lawyer Mapula and Others v The StateJudgment No. HB 157/10, Case No. 177-81/10, Xref No. CRB 1484/10
    Follows

    The court follows the principle that the nature of the charge and severity of punishment cannot alone be grounds for refusing bail but must be weighed with…

  • Norman Bvekwa v The StateHH 495-21, CA 189/18 (Ref Case CRB Hre P 11178/17)
    Applies

    Applied to hold that vague and general grounds of appeal such as 'conviction is against the weight of evidence' do not comply with the rules and render the…

  • Pesanai Madzinga v The StateJudgment No. HB 160/12, Case No. HCB 160/12, Xref No. HCA 208/12
    Cites

    Court cited case where a 38 year old man who fondled a 3 year old girl's breasts received 15 months imprisonment, which was held to be lenient, and that 3-4…

  • Pikirai Johannes v The StateHH 417-14, B755/14, Ref Case No. AGB758/14
    Applies

    Court applies the principle that the question is not whether the accused may interfere with witnesses but rather whether he will interfere with witnesses.

  • Ramwide Investments (Private) Limited v Rondebuild Zimbabwe (Private) Limited and OthersHH 444-16, HC 7927/15 (Ref HC 7926/15)
    Cites

    Cited in support of the proposition that a matter struck off the roll cannot be enrolled without a court order.

  • Simon Chinganga v Munashe Shava, Tapson Madzivire and Adam Bede Manufacturing (Private) LimitedJudgment No. SC 12/22, Chamber Application No. SC 575/20
    Follows

    Court follows the principle that when a matter is struck off the roll, it is no longer before the Court and applies the principle deploring vague and…

  • State v Innocent JairoHH 700-16, CRB 150/16
    Cites

    Cited by the State counsel to support submission for a custodial sentence in the region of 3 to 4 years effective imprisonment for culpable homicide arising…

  • The Commissioner General of Police and Assistant Commissioner Marecha v Samuel Kufandada and OthersHB 192/21, HC 1961/19
    Cites

    Cited in Practice Directive 3/13 for the effect that if a matter is struck off the roll, it is no longer before the court.

  • The State v Bongani MhlangaHB 2-18, HC (CRB) 14-18
    Cites

    Cited as an example where the accused struck the deceased on the head once with a log, causing subarachnoid haemorrhage and depressed skull fracture, and was…

  • The State v Certain MoyoHB 238/16, HC (CRB) 121/16
    Applies

    Court applies the principle from S v Ncube that while evidence of child witnesses must be approached with caution, such caution must be creative or proactive,…

  • The State v Chakanetsa NyakabauHH 330-19, CRB 114/18
    Distinguishes

    Distinguished on the facts, as that case involved a father killing his daughter's boyfriend found in his house without rape, whereas this case involved a…

  • The State v Chrispen ChipururaHH 77-10, CRB 1/10
    Applies

    The court applied the principle that the aberratio ictus rule had been discarded in cases involving the infliction of harm on an unintended victim and that the…

  • The State v Davison ChikomoHH 557-16, CRB 23/16
    Distinguishes

    Distinguished on facts and circumstances; the sentence imposed in that case held to be inappropriate in the present case.

  • The State versus Aaron HakutangwiHH 269-14, CRB 149/09
    Follows

    The court followed this case in abandoning the transferred malice approach and adopting the principle that where there is aberratio ictus and the accused…

  • The State v Eupharasia Netsai MasikinyeJudgment No. HB 76/14, Case No. CRB (HC) 88-89/14
    Cites

    The court cites this case for the principle that emotional stress in marriages should be taken into consideration in dealing with cases related to domestic…

  • The State v Fredrick ChafadzaCRB 95/17; HMA 27-18
    Applies

    Applied to illustrate that an accused may be found not guilty of murder in an aberratio ictus situation where the accused intended to stab one person but a…

  • The State v Gorden MhlangaHMT 22-19; CRB 10/19 (High Court of Zimbabwe, Mutare, 14 March 2019)
    Applies

    The court applies the test from this case on whether it was the accused's unwavering intention to bring about the deceased's demise.

  • The State v Kevin Itayi DangarembwaHH 123/2003, CRB 2777/2001
    Cites

    Cited as a sentencing guideline where a prolonged attack on a young girl with fists resulted in laceration and loss of tooth and 6 months imprisonment with two…

  • The State v Lee KawarewareHH 268-11, CRB 1885/11
    Cites

    Court cites this case as an example of the difficulty in extracting precise sentencing principles from various cases.

  • The State v Lovemore WhiteHH 588-21, CRB. MRDR 50/21
    Cites

    Cited as an example of sentencing trends where an effective sentence of 8 years imprisonment was imposed for two counts of rape of a 12 year old.

  • The State v Michael NyamukondiwaHIGH COURT OF ZIMBABWE, HARARE, 11 September and 3 October 2012
    Applies

    Applied to show that a vague ground of appeal not clearly and specifically setting out the ground is unacceptable under rule 22(1) of the Supreme Court…

  • The State v Mkhanyiso SibandaHB 119/25, HCBCR 3224/25
    Cites

    Cited for the principle that the Magistrates' Court can only exercise powers and jurisdiction within the confines of the laws which establish that court,…

  • The State v Mthukutheli SibandaJudgment No. HB 37/10, Case No. HC 2181/09, CRB No. K195/09
    Cites

    Cited as precedent showing that unprovoked and prolonged attack on young girl with fists warranted six months imprisonment with two months conditionally…

  • The State v Nkazimulo NkomoHB 129/22; HC (CRB) 56/22
    Cites

    Cited as authority for returning a verdict of guilty to culpable homicide in similar circumstances where a parent caused the death of a child during…

  • The State v Obey NcubeHB 53/26; HCBCR 816/26
    Cites

    Cited as an example of a case where provocation was successfully pleaded by a woman who stabbed to death a woman who had been committing adultery with her…

  • The State v Royan MarupiJudgment No. HB 66/11, Case No. HCAR 619/11, CRB No. B 1247/10
    Follows

    The court follows the principle that in the absence of any medical reports, the magistrate was wrong in convicting the accused of assault with intent to do…

  • The State v Simbarashe Machona and John MachonaHMA 09-22, CRB 02-03-22 (High Court of Zimbabwe)
    Applies

    The court applies the sentiments expressed in this case regarding the sentencing of juvenile offenders, emphasizing that child offenders should be treated as a…

  • The State v Spencer SitholeHB 170/18, HC (CRB) 36/18
    Cites

    Cited for the general rule of Roman-Dutch law that provocation may cause a person to lose control over his faculties and become incapable of forming specific…

  • The State v Tapfuma MoyoHB 117/25; HCBCR 2649/25
    Cites

    Cited for the principle that whenever possible, particularly where a fine is permissible, a fine should be considered before imprisonment and first offenders…

  • The State v Tinashe MaisvaHH 561-25; CRB No. CHTP 1199/25
    Follows

    Followed for the principle that a magistrate's sentencing jurisdiction cannot be extended by a mandatory minimum sentence and the proper course is to remit the…

  • Thomas Madeyi v The StateHH 34-13, CA 919/11, CRB NO R561/10
    Cites

    Cited for the principle that lack of compliance with the rules regarding grounds of appeal may result in the court regarding such notice and grounds of appeal…

  • Explore More Cases

    More Criminal Law cases

    • Aaron Musiteyi v The StateHMT 2-21, B 09/21
    • Abdullah v The State(134/21) [2022] ZASCA 33 (31 March 2022)
    • Abduraghman Thebus and Moegamat Adams v The StateCase No: 338/2001
    • Abduraghman Thebus and Moegamat Adams v The StateCCT 36/02
    • Abel Mashingaidze v The StateHMA 58-22, CA 03-22, CRB MSVR 48-21 (High Court of Zimbabwe, Masvingo, 25 July 2022)
    • Abisha Charakupa v The StateHH 54-14, CA 185/13
    • Abraham James Wirima v The StateHH 875-15, CA 773/10, Ref Case No. CRB REG81/10
    • Abraham Spies and Christoffel Kritzinger v The StateCase No 18/99 (unreported Supreme Court of Appeal judgment dated 22 March 2000)

    More Zimbabwe cases

    • (1) Douglas Tanyanyiwa (2) Douglas Warriors Football Club v Lawrence Bernard GwaradaCivil Appeal No. SC 150/11; Judgment No. SC 79/2014
    • (1) Elias Hwenga (2) Mercy Hwenga (3) Kenneth (4) Prince Nyemba (5) A. P. Phillip and Company (Private) Limited v FBC Bank LimitedJudgment No. SC 36/21, Civil Appeal No. SC 204/16
    • (1) Isador Husaiwevhu (2) Walter Mutowo (3) Fungai Zinyama v (1) UZ-UCSF Collaborative Research Programme (2) Sheriff of Zimbabwe N.O (3) High Court Registrar N.OJudgment No. SC 86/25, Civil Appeal No. SC 302/25
    • (1) Petros Makaza (2) Golden Nhika v The State and (1) Khumbuzo Gumbo (2) Sydney Ndachengedzwa v The StateCCZ 16/17 (Const. Application No. CCZ 5/13 and Const. Application No. CCZ 102/13)
    • 1. Tapera Sengweni v The Law Society of Zimbabwe 2. Augustine Runesu Chizikani v The Law Society of ZimbabweHH 706-19, LPDT 8/18 and LPDT 27/18
    • (1) Tungamirai Madzokere (2) Lazarus Maengahama (3) Stanford Maengahama (4) Phineous Nhatarikwa (5) Stanford Mangwiro (6) Yvonne Musarurwa (7) Rebecca Mafukeni v The State
    SC 8/12; Civil Application No. 318/11
  • A. Adam and Company (Private) Limited & 2 Others v Good Living Real Estate (Private) LimitedSC 50/21; Civil Appeal No. SC 351/19
  • A. Adam and Company (Private) Limited and Others v Goodliving Real Estate (Private) LimitedSC 18/21; Civil Appeal No. SC 444/19