On 29 July 1999 at Chinhoyi, the appellant sold his rights, title and interest in house number 656 Chikonohono Township, Chinhoyi to the respondent for the sum of $90,000. The appellant subsequently refused to honour the agreement, alleging that it was not valid. The respondent applied for summary judgment in the Chinhoyi Magistrates Court (case number 09/07) and obtained judgment on 28 March 2008. The appellant had previously lodged an application for rescission of judgment which was dismissed, and made an earlier appeal which lapsed for lack of prosecution. The appellant filed a notice of appeal on 3 June 2008 against the summary judgment granted by the magistrate.
The appeal was dismissed with costs.
In an application for summary judgment, the applicant may verify his cause of action by setting out facts which were not contained in his declaration and may annex relevant documents to his affidavit. A defence to a summary judgment application must be properly articulated and substantiated before the court a quo; vague defences that appear to be afterthoughts will not constitute a bona fide defence. Allegations of jurisdictional defects or bias must be supported by factual evidence on the record. On appeal, only grounds specifically raised in the notice of appeal will be considered unless an application to amend is made.
The court observed that the host of matters raised in the appellant's Heads of Argument which did not form part of the grounds of appeal were not relevant to the appeal in the absence of an application to amend the grounds of appeal. The court also commented that the defence of prescription appeared to be an afterthought, suggesting disapproval of litigation tactics designed to delay enforcement rather than advance genuine defences.
This case reinforces the principles governing summary judgment applications in Zimbabwean courts (applicable to South African jurisprudence given the shared common law heritage). It demonstrates that: (1) defences must be properly articulated and substantiated, not merely raised in vague terms or as afterthoughts; (2) allegations of bias must be supported by factual evidence on the record; (3) grounds of appeal are limited to those specified in the notice of appeal unless amended; and (4) applicants in summary judgment applications may verify their cause of action with facts and documents beyond the declaration. The case illustrates the courts' approach to unmeritorious appeals that appear designed to delay enforcement of valid agreements.