Michael Wharton Randell, an admitted attorney practicing in Port Elizabeth, faced criminal charges of fraud and theft involving R2.4 million allegedly misappropriated while serving as a trustee of the Greenwood Property Trust. The Trust's sole beneficiary was Greenwood Primary School. Between March and August 2005, the trustees amended the trust deed to establish themselves as beneficiaries. In April 2006, they sold trust property for R3.5 million and in June 2006 distributed R2.4 million among themselves. These transactions occurred without the knowledge of the school's governing body. The school's accountant reported the matter to police. While criminal proceedings were pending, the Law Society of the Cape of Good Hope launched an application to strike Randell off the roll of attorneys based on the same facts. Without filing an answering affidavit, Randell counter-applied for a stay of the striking-off application pending finalization of the criminal proceedings, arguing that making a sworn statement would prejudice him in the criminal trial and violate his constitutional rights to remain silent and not to be compelled to make self-incriminating statements under s 35(1)(a) and (c) of the Constitution.
The appeal was upheld with costs on an attorney and client scale. The order of the court a quo granting a stay was set aside and replaced with an order dismissing the application for a stay with costs on an attorney and client scale.
A stay of civil proceedings pending the finalization of criminal proceedings arising from the same facts will only be granted where: (1) the accused can establish that he will suffer actual prejudice (not merely notional or potential prejudice) if the civil proceedings continue; and (2) there is an element of state compulsion requiring the accused to divulge information or testify. Where there is no legal compulsion to respond to civil proceedings, and the accused merely faces a 'hard choice' between defending the civil proceedings or remaining silent, this does not constitute prejudice against which the court should protect by granting a stay. The constitutional rights under s 35(1)(a) (right to remain silent) and s 35(1)(c) (right not to be compelled to make self-incriminating statements) are not violated when a person must choose between defending civil proceedings and exercising the right to silence, provided there is no legal compulsion to testify. The discretion to grant a stay is very limited in scope and ambit, and is confined to cases where there is potential for state compulsion to divulge information. A distinction must be maintained between situations where an individual has a choice (even if the alternatives are equally unattractive) and where he is compelled to testify under penalty of sanction.
The court made several obiter observations. First, it noted that civil proceedings invariably create the potential for information damaging to an accused to be disclosed by the accused himself, not least because it will often serve his interests in the civil proceedings to do so. Second, the court observed that to extend court intervention to cases where an applicant has a 'hard choice' would bring the right to remain silent into disrepute, and that the salutary principle enshrined in the right to silence should not be extended beyond its true province. Third, the court noted that in assessing prejudice in applications to strike attorneys off the roll, the probity and fitness of an attorney to remain in office does not depend solely on whether the attorney's trust account is intact. Fourth, the court addressed a procedural point, confirming that an order staying a striking-off application is final in effect (disposing of all issues relevant to the application) and therefore appealable, in accordance with Clipsal Australia (Pty) Ltd v GAP Distributors 2012 (2) SA 289 (SCA), notwithstanding that it might be characterized as interlocutory. Fifth, the court emphasized the huge public importance of matters involving allegations of dishonesty and impropriety against attorneys as officers of the court whose position requires scrupulous integrity and honour, suggesting that public interest considerations should weigh heavily in the assessment of prejudice in such cases.
This case is significant in South African jurisprudence for clarifying the limited circumstances in which civil proceedings will be stayed pending criminal proceedings. It establishes that the discretion to grant a stay is narrowly circumscribed and requires an element of state compulsion to divulge information, not merely the existence of a 'hard choice' between defending civil proceedings or maintaining silence. The judgment confirms that the constitutional right to silence under s 35(1) is not violated when a person must choose between defending civil proceedings and remaining silent, provided there is no legal compulsion to testify. The case is particularly important in the context of disciplinary proceedings against legal professionals, emphasizing that public interest considerations and the protection of the integrity of the legal profession must be weighed in the balance. It endorses and applies the principle established in Davis v Tip NO and distinguishes the historical approach in sequestration cases (where compulsion existed under the Insolvency Act) from ordinary civil proceedings. The case provides important guidance on the proper approach to balancing an accused person's constitutional rights against the public interest in expeditiously resolving civil and disciplinary matters, and clarifies that the right to silence should not be extended beyond its true province lest it fall into disrepute.