This case concerned a dispute about a sectional title scheme (Theba Hoskens) registered on 28 November 2007 in Cape Town. The first appellant purchased section 401 on the second floor of the building from the first respondent (the developer). Adjacent to section 401 was a "plant area" which previously housed air-conditioning equipment. The developer reserved a real right of extension in respect of the plant area under section 25 of the Sectional Titles Act 95 of 1986. The sectional plan filed with the Registrar of Deeds indicated that the right of extension was reserved to incorporate the plant area into section 401 for the benefit of the owner of that section. The appellants negotiated with the developer about incorporating the plant area into their section 401, but negotiations failed when they refused to pay R120,000 for it. The developer then changed its mind and sold section 302 (below section 401) together with the right of extension regarding the plant area to the seventh respondent in January 2008. During the weekend of 10 May 2008, the developer constructed a brick wall on common property adjacent to section 401 in the plant area. The appellants sought to have the reservation declared void, to restrain alienation of the right to anyone other than the owner of section 401, and to order demolition of the wall.
The appeal was upheld with costs, including costs of two counsel. The court a quo's order was set aside and replaced with an order: (a) interdicting the first respondent from exercising the right reserved to extend the scheme in any way other than by transferring or ceding the right to exclusive use of the plant area to the owner of section 401; (b) interdicting the first respondent from transferring or ceding the right to any person other than the owner of section 401; and (c) ordering the first respondent to pay the costs of the applicants. The prayer for demolition of the wall was dismissed.
A developer exercising a reserved right of extension under section 25 of the Sectional Titles Act 95 of 1986 must exercise the right strictly in accordance with the documents filed under section 25(2), which give content to that right. While 'changed circumstances' under section 25(13) may excuse strict compliance in some respects, they cannot justify exercising a fundamentally different right from that reserved. A developer who has reserved a right to confer exclusive use of an area on the owner of a specific section cannot, on the basis of changed circumstances, confer that right on the owner of a different section - this would not be exercising the reserved right at all, but rather exercising a different right altogether. An individual sectional owner who is prejudiced by a developer's failure to comply with the terms of a reservation has standing under section 25(13) to apply to court for proper compliance, and this right is not ousted by the general powers of the body corporate under sections 36(6) and 41.
The Court indicated (without deciding) that it was prepared to accept that financial considerations may bring about a change in circumstances making strict compliance with the terms of a reservation impractical, as contemplated by section 25(13). This appears to accept the approach in Knoetze v Saddlewood CC [2001] 1 All SA 42 (SE). The Court also observed that the purpose of section 25(13) is to enable unit owners to enforce compliance by the developer with the specifications, giving the developer an opportunity to justify non-compliance on the ground of changed circumstances and no more - the legislature did not intend to give the developer an opportunity to obtain a variation of his registered real right to the detriment of other registered owners. The Court noted Van der Merwe's cautionary observation that in practice a developer would not be allowed to change parts of common property into additional sections or even exclusive use areas contrary to the registered documents.
This case is significant in South African sectional title law as it clarifies the binding nature of documents filed under section 25(2) of the Sectional Titles Act when a developer reserves a right of extension. It establishes important principles about the limitations on what constitutes 'changed circumstances' under section 25(13) - such circumstances cannot fundamentally alter the nature of the right reserved. The judgment confirms that individual sectional owners have standing to enforce compliance with reserved rights where they are prejudiced, without needing to follow the section 41 procedures applicable to claims on behalf of the body corporate. The case demonstrates the importance of the registered documents in defining the scope and content of real rights of extension in sectional title schemes, and protects purchasers from developers unilaterally changing reserved rights to the detriment of existing owners.